domingo, 14 de octubre de 2007
Loïc Wacquant, “The Sociological Life of Pierre Bourdieu.”
http://bourdieuhommag.podemus.com/2007/10/loic-wacquant-%e2%80%9cthe-sociological-life-of-pierre-bourdieu%e2%80%9d/
Pierre Bourdieu both brilliantly illustrated and bluntly belied his distinctive social theories with a brimful life that, through unlikely twists and long-winding turns, was anchored by an abiding commitment to science, intellectual institution-building, and social justice. He had a sociologically and academically improbable trajectory. As Raymond Aron was fond of saying, Bourdieu was an exception to the laws of the transmission of cultural capital that he established in his early books (with Jean-Claude Passeron) The Inheritors (1964/19791) and Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture (1970/1977): the grandson and son of sharecroppers from a marginal province, he rose to the apex of the French cultural pyramid and became the world’s most cited living social scientist. Reared to join the high caste of philosophers, the supreme intellectual species in postwar France, he embraced instead the lowly and then-moribund discipline of
sociology, which he helped revitalize and renew, and whose influence in the public sphere he extended like no one before him.
Yet Bourdieu also embodied many of his signal theoretical innovations and teachings in his own scientific practice and output. His view that social action is governed by dispositions acquired by durable immersion in social games finds expression in his insistence and ability to fuse highlevel
theoretical work with mundane research activities. His call for a reflexive social science capable of controlling for its biases so as better to unhinge ‘rites of institution’ is exemplified by his ‘Lecture on the Lecture’ (1982/1990), a vivisection of his inaugural lesson at the Collège de France, and in Homo Academicus (1984/1988), a pitiless analysis of the social determinants of intellectual production in the French university – and thus of himself as an academic being. His conviction that rationalism is fully compatible with historicism and endows sociology with a pressing civic mission is materialized in the diverse yet convergent writings which stamped his final years, such as the books Pascalian Meditations (1997/2000) and Science de la science et réflexivité (2001) and the political essays gathered in Contre-feux (1 and 2, 1997/2000, 2001/2002), as well as in his personal engagement in social struggles against neoliberal globalization and in defense of intellectual autonomy, the jobless, the homeless, and undocumented migrants. His commitment to the ‘corporatism of the universal’ is amply manifested in his tireless efforts to disseminate the instruments of critical thought and to create a ‘collective intellectual’ capable of advancing a transnational Realpolitik of reason.
* * *
Pierre Bourdieu was born in August 1930 in Béarn, a rural region of southwestern France enclaved at the foot of the Pyrénées mountains, in a tiny village where the native tongue was still occitan. His primary school days were spent amongst the children of peasants, factory workers, and small shopkeepers in another remote village reputed for its archaism which was
later to be the site of one of his first ethnographic studies – and the topic of his last book in press at the time of his passing on 23 January 2002, Le Bal des célibataires (2002), in which he diagnoses the crisis of the peasant society of his youth brought about by the dislocation of marital strategies and gender relations. After distinguished studies as a boarder at the public
high school of the nearby town of Pau, where he was renowned as an avid player of rugby and pelotte basque, the young Bourdieu received a state scholarship and was advised by one of his teachers, an alumnus of the Ecole normale supérieure, to enroll in the top preparatory course
leading to this elite school, the khâgne of the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, which brought together the country’s best students in an atmosphere of intense competition and scholarly devotion.
Bourdieu soon entered the Ecole normale supérieure where, as his success commanded, he took up the queen of disciplines, philosophy. But, in reaction against the mood of the time, dominated by Sartrian existentialism that suffused education and intellectual life at large, he delved into
the study of logic and the history of science under Alexandre Koyré, Jules Vuillemin, Eric Weil (whose famous seminar on Hegel’s Philosophy of Right he attended), Martial Guéroult (a master scholar of Leibniz under whom he wrote a research thesis on the Animadversiones), Gaston Bachelard, and Georges Canguilhem (who had similarly mentored Michel Foucault a few
years earlier). After passing the agrégation in philosophy (with Jacques Derrida, Louis Marin, and Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie in his cohort), the freshly minted graduate elected to teach philosophy at the high school of Moulins, a small town in mid-central France. A year later, in 1955, he was called under the French flag in Versailles but, being constitutively rebellious
to military authority, he was swiftly sent for disciplinary reasons to Algeria to serve in the ‘pacification’ of the North African colony.
This first-hand encounter with the harrowing realities of the war waged by France on rising Algerian nationalism was to change Bourdieu’s intellectual fate forever: it aroused his interest in Algerian society from a political as well as a scientific standpoint and triggered his practical
conversion from philosophy to social science. His first book The Sociology of Algeria, written in 1957 and published in translation in 1962 in the United States by Beacon Press, was an impeccably scholarly study synthesizing historical, ethnological, and sociological knowledge, but it also displayed the flag of the yet-to-be-born independent Algeria on its cover and warned
about the contradictions of the colonized society and the delusions of the nationalist movement (anticipating the quagmire in which many Third- World countries would find themselves stuck for decades after independence).
Bourdieu conducted his first anthropological inquiries in the war-torn regions of Kabylia, Collo, and Ouarsenis, three strongholds of the nationalist guerrilla. From the beginning, he mated ethnography with statistics, microscopic interpretation with macroscopic explanation, to map
out the social cataclysm wrought by colonial capitalism and the independentist struggle. He sought to connect evolving social structures and cultural forms, as can be seen in his two books, Travail et travailleurs en Algérie (1963, on the discovery of wage work and the formation of the
Algerian urban proletariat) and Le Déracinement (1964, with Abdelmalek Sayad, on the destruction of traditional agriculture and society), and in his collection of classic ethnological essays Algeria 1960 (1977/1977, on the Kabyle sense of honor and time and the ‘disenchantment of the world’ under the press of wage labor and the market economy).
Together with his philosophical training and social personality, the peculiar circumstances under which Bourdieu effectively trained himself in anthropology, sociology, and statistics and carried out the field studies which served as empirical springboard for his groundbreaking Outline of
a Theory of Practice (1972/1977) explain his signature concern for reflexivity: to continually turn one’s sociological tools upon one’s scientific practice so as to reflect critically on the social conditions and concrete operations of construction of the object was a pressing practical requirement, sometimes even a matter of life and death, in wartime Algeria. The need to
control the distortions that the analytic posture – what Bourdieu would later term ‘the scholastic point of view’ – introduces in the relation between observer and observed, between actual social life and the accounts that the sociologist produces of it, is a central pillar and theme of his lifework, running from The Craft of Sociology: Epistemological Foundations (1968/1990, with Jean-Claude Chamboredon and Jean-Claude Passeron) to The Logic of Practice (1980/1990) to Pascalian Meditations and its extended discussion of the ‘three forms of the scholastic fallacy’ which leads us to ‘mistake the things of logic for the logic of things’ in science, aesthetics, and ethics.
Gradually, the brilliant student destined to philosophical honors and the historical study of epistemology (his initial plans upon military release were to teach philosophy and to enter medical school in Toulouse, as Canguilhem, who was supervising his career, had done) was turning into an anthropologist. Bourdieu learned some Arabic and Berber, first in the field and later at the Ecole des langues orientales in Paris, and absorbed Lévi-Straussian structuralism; he taught at the University of Algiers and carried out extensive fieldwork and surveys there until 1960, when the procolonial Algiers coup forced him to flee abruptly to Paris (‘liberals’
like him were under threat of death). Back in France, he took up a position as an Assistant Professor at the Sorbonne and later at the University of Lille, where for the first time he read systematically and gave courses on Durkheim, Weber, Marx, Schutz, and Saussure, as well as British anthropology and American sociology, of which he was a fond consumer. Simultaneously,
he continued to analyze field data collected during frequent sojourns in rural and urban Algeria during the vacations months until 1964.
* * *
It is at this time that Bourdieu became Director of Studies at the Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales and founded the Center for European Sociology, at the behest of Aron who had received a large grant from the Ford Foundation. There, he trained and assembled over three decades a prolific team of scholars who investigated the most varied questions with (i) a focus on the relations between culture, power, and social inequality; (ii) a steadfast concern with blending rigorous theory with systematic observation, against both the empiricist tendencies of US sociology and the theoreticist bent of a French intellectual milieu forever fascinated by literary models; and (iii) full recognition of the ‘double objectivity’ of the social, as composed of distributions of material resources and positions, on the one hand, and of the embodied classifications through which agents symbolically construct and subjectively experience the world, on the other. Thus Bourdieu moved insensibly from anthropology into sociology, a craft he came to embrace because it seemed to him best suited to grasping the complexities of social reality – instead of keeping the latter at a safe distance, as philosophy and structuralist ethnology turned out to do. And he proceeded to mate in his research practice the rationalism
of Bachelard and the materialism of Marx with Durkheim’s neo-Kantian interest in symbolic forms, Weber’s agonistic vision of competing Lebensordnungen with the phenomenologies of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. The result was an original theoretical framework, constructed through and for the production of new research objects, aimed at unraveling the multisided
dialectic of social and mental structures in the operation of domination.
Within a decade, Bourdieu had extended his pathbreaking analyses of the contribution of education to the perpetuation of social inequality in The Inheritors to the analysis of other cultural practices, with Photography: A Middle-Brow Art (1965/1990) and The Love of Art: European Art Museums and their Publics (1966/1990), as well as a series of linked inquiries into
the microcosms of religion, literature, science, philosophy, law, politics, and high fashion. In these and other works, climaxing with The Rules of Art (1992/1996), in which he uncovers the ‘structure and genesis of the artistic field’ in the times of Flaubert (in oblique response to Sartre’s theory of creation in The Idiot of the Family), he honed and deployed the conceptual
arsenal that arms the science of practice and the theory of symbolic violence that have earned him a place in the sociological pantheon.
Bourdieu coined the notion of cultural capital and inserted it into a generalized conception of capital as congealed and convertible ‘social energy’. He retrieved and reworked the Aristotelian-Thomist concept of habitus to elaborate a dispositional philosophy of action as springing from socially constituted and individually embodied ‘schemata of perception and `appreciation’. He forged the novel analytic tool of field, designating relatively autonomous spaces of objective forces and patterned struggles over specific forms of authority, to load the static and reified notion of structure with power and endow it with historical dynamism. And he sociologized
the Husserlian concept of doxa to ground the ‘natural attitude of everyday life’ in the coincidence of social and mental structures through which the world magically comes to appear as self-evident and its makeup is put beyond the reach of debate and design.
This inseparably theoretical and empirical work culminated in Bourdieu’s twin master-books, Distinction (1979/1984) and The Logic of Practice (1980/1990), which propelled him to the chair of sociology of the Collège de France in 1981. In the first volume, Bourdieu effects a Copernican revolution in the study of class and culture by abolishing the sacred frontier separating high culture from ordinary consumption. Linking the most varied realms of life, from eating and mating to aesthetics and politics, he demonstrates that judgment is not an innate gift but a socially learned ability that serves to wage denegated class struggles via the symbolic battles of everyday life and stances adopted in ‘fields of cultural production’. He reveals that social space is organized by two crosscutting principles of differentiation, economic capital and cultural capital, whose distribution defines the two oppositions which undergird major lines of
cleavage and conflict in advanced society, that between the dominant and dominated classes (defined by their volume of capital), and that between rival fractions of the dominant class (opposed by the composition of their capital). This theory of social space, group making, and symbolic competition is generalized in The Logic of Practice in which two modes of domination, personal and structural, are differentiated and their workings traced via the moulding of the ‘body as analogical operator’ of practice.
Thence, the category of symbolic power, defined as the ability to conserve or transform social reality by shaping its representations, i.e., by inculcating cognitive instruments of construction of reality that hide or highlight its inherent arbitrariness, takes center stage. Deciphering the mechanisms of symbolic violence in its varied guises is the central aim of such books as Language and Symbolic Power (1984/1990, in which Bourdieu takes to task structural linguistics and extends his theory of practice to encompass linguistic and discursive exchanges), The Political Ontology of Martin Heidegger (1988/1993, a sociological resolution of the vitriolic controversy around the politics of Heidegger’s philosophy and a radical questioning of philosophy’s claim to extra-social status), The State Nobility (1989/1995, an exploration of the social bases of technocratic domination in advanced society which adumbrates a theory of the state as ‘monopolizer of the legitimate use of symbolic violence’), and, last but not least, Masculine Domination (1998/2001, understood as the paradigm of power wielded
through cognition and misrecognition).
* * *
Although he became famous very young (in the mid-sixties with The Inheritors) and was handed the mantle of Parisian ‘maître à penser’ a decade after the passing of Michel Foucault, Bourdieu persistently avoided – indeed, denounced – the distractions of media stardom and diligently sought to safeguard the intellectual autonomy he regarded as the vital precondition for a rigorous sociology as well as a vigorous politics. Instead of joining in the ‘society games’ for which French ‘magazine intellectuals’ are rightly renowned, he devoted his energies to constructing institutions of scientific production sheltered from the twin dependencies of state
command and market rule. His editorial and publishing ventures, carried out with his long-time assistants Rosine Christin and Marie-Christine Rivière, are emblematic of this posture. For 25 years, Bourdieu directed the series ‘Le sens commun’ at the prestigious house Editions de Minuit, in which he published unknown or forgotten classic works (by Durkheim, Mauss, Cassirer, Schumpeter, and Bakhtin), translations of leading contemporary authors (among them Bateson, Bernstein, Goffman, Goody, and Labov), and original research by some of France’s younger sociologists and historians. The interdisciplinary journal he founded in 1975 and
shepherded until his death, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, strove likewise to denationalize social science, to break down the preconstructed notions of ordinary and scholarly commonsense, and to break out of established forms of scientific communication by commingling analysis, raw data, field documents, and pictorial illustrations, under the motto ‘to display and to demonstrate’. Its rare combination of conceptual exigency, methodological reflexivity, and sociopolitical pertinence enabled it to function as the mouthpiece of an activist science of society which reached a large readership well beyond the walls of academe (the last issue published under Bourdieu’s stewardship sketches a sociological archeology of ‘Votes’ a few months before the pivotal French presidential and legislative campaigns of Spring 2002).
For a decade starting in 1989, Bourdieu directed Liber, a ‘European review of books’ published simultaneously in nine European languages and countries, that he created to accelerate the cross-border circulation and cross-fertilization of innovative works in social science, the humanities, and literature. Liber also revealed an artistic facet of his intellectual personality that found a fuller expression in his collaborations with conceptual artist Hans Haacke (in a joint book, Free Exchange, 1994/1995), theater playwright Philippe Adrien, and sculptor Daniel Buren – an attempt to work with filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard failed miserably due to clashing styles. Mindful of the manifold obstacles that hamper the dissemination of a sociology that aims at undermining all manner of symbolic imposition, Bourdieu also published several volumes of essays based on public lectures and seminar talks given in France and abroad – Questions of Sociology (1980/1993), In Other Words (1987/1994), and Practical Reasons (1994/1998) – in which he supplies readers from different countries and disciplines the tools needed to grasp the substance, interrelations, and implications of the various strands of his work.
The same combination of scientific autonomy and civic engagement set the policy of Raisons d’agir Editions (‘Reasons to Act’), a hybrid militantcum- scholarly press formed in the wake of the mass protests of December 1995 against the Juppé government plan to downsize the French welfare state in conformity with the European ‘stability pact’. Launched by Bourdieu’s blockbuster anatomy of the foibles of journalism, On Television (1998/1999) and building on the huge popular success of the collective tome The Weight of the World (1993/1996, a thousand-page socioanalysis of emerging forms of social suffering in contemporary society that was
adapted for video and theater), Raisons d’agir Editions became an overnight publishing phenomenon with five best-sellers in two years and it helped broadcast Bourdieu’s critique of the hidden springs and unforeseen consequences of the neoliberal revolution far and wide. Pierre Carles’s award-winning documentary, Sociology is a Martial Art (2000), captures well how Bourdieu’s social theories and public position-takings came to inform the thinking and action of countless militants and ordinary citizens involved in upsurging social movements throughout Europe ranging from ecologists and gays to homeless rights advocates, antiracism
associations, and trade unionists disarmed by the obsolescence of traditional vehicles for worker militancy. The subtle shifts in the wedding of social science and political action over 40 years are fully documented in Bourdieu’s first posthumous book, Interventions, 1961–2001 (edited by
Frank Poupeau and Thierry Discepolo, 2002).
The numerous groups of activist intellectuals that Bourdieu guided or goaded in the closing decade of the century – inter alia the International Parliament of Writers, the Association for Rethinking Higher Education and Research (Areser), the International Committee for the Defense of Algerian Intellectuals (Cisia), Raisons d’agir, and the General Estates of the European Social Movement – are so many small-scale incarnations of the ‘collective intellectual’ that he dreamed of building across disciplinary boundaries and national borders to bring the joined symbolic competencies of artists and scientists to bear on public debate and to reconstruct a
viable progressive agenda true to the historic ideals of the Left betrayed by the neoliberal turn of socialist and labor parties everywhere. Against the faddish and facile prophecies of postmodernism, he believed not only in social science as a knowledge enterprise but also in sociology’s capacity to inform a ‘rational utopianism’ needed to salvage institutions of social
justice from the new barbarism of the unfettered market and withdrawing state. Bourdieu conceived of a unified social science as a ‘public service’ whose mission is to ‘denaturalize and defatalize’ the social world and to ‘necessitate conducts’ by disclosing the objective causes and the subjective reasons that make people do what they do, be what they are, and feel
the way they feel. And to give them thereby the instruments to master the social unconscious that governs their thoughts and limits their actions, as he relentlessly tried to do his own.
Note
1. The first date given is the initial publication in French. The second date is for
the publication of the English translation.
Loïc Wacquant
University of California, Berkeley
Centre de sociologie européenne, Paris
Biographical note: Loïc Wacquant is Professor of Sociology at the University of
California, Berkeley and Researcher at the Centre de sociologie européenne du
Collège de France. He is the author, with Pierre Bourdieu, of An Invitation to
Reflexive Sociology (1992, translated into 17 languages). His recent books include
Prisons of Poverty (1999, translated into 13 languages), Body and Soul: Ethnographic
Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer (2000, translated into 6 languages), Parias
Urbanos (2001), Simbiosi mortale (2002), and Punir les pauvres (2002).
Address: Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA
94720, USA. [email: loic@uclink4.berkeley.edu]
Une sociologie d’État. L’École et ses experts en France.
http://www.homme-moderne.org/raisonsdagir-editions/catalog/indexc.html
En quoi les discours tenus sur l’École contribuent-ils à faire l’École ? Pourquoi les gouvernements successifs ont-ils peu à peu, depuis les années 1980, instrumentalisé les chercheurs et mis les experts à leur service ? Telles sont les questions auxquelles Franck Poupeau, enseignant-chercheur en sciences sociales, entend répondre en proposant une histoire sociale de la sociologie de l’éducation. Il s’agit alors de comprendre comment les mots peuvent devenir des choses, c’est à dire comment les recherches, les publications spécialisées, les enquêtes, les chiffres et autres expertises produisent l’École, et changent les pratiques de tous ceux qui s’y trouvent engagés.
Au cœur de ces analyses, on verra comment la sociologie de l’éducation est devenue une « science » au service de l’État, et en particulier des demandes ministérielles. Sous couvert d’évaluation du système d’enseignement, rendu seul responsable de l’échec scolaire, l’expertise sociologique tend à n’aborder les inégalités observées à l’école que sous l’angle des facteurs jouant au niveau des établissements. La mise en œuvre d’une sociologie de l’éducation plus autonome à l’égard des demandes de l’État serait une des conditions de possibilité d’une École plus libre, moins asservie aux conceptions managériales de l’organisation scolaire, dont la pensée d’État s’est paradoxalement fait le vecteur
7 Introduction : censure académique et réflexivité scientifique
23 Une sociologie de la sociologieLa (re) définition de la discipline : un enjeu de lutteLa polarisation de l'espace des recherches en sociologie de l'éducation
55 Les sociologues et le MinistèreLa constitution d'un « pôle scientifique » de recherche sociologique en France dans les années 1960-1970Commandes ministérielles et expertise sociologique dans les années 1980
109 Sociologues et experts de l'école en banlieueL'évaluation de l'efficacité du système d'enseignementLe marché des productions savantes sur « l'école en banlieue » : vers une sociologie appliquée
149 Conclusion : une sociologie dépolitisée
158 AnnexesDonnées d'enquête sur l'espace des recherche en sociologie de l'éducationBibliographie sélective et commentée des travaux sur l'école en « banlieue »
miércoles, 9 de mayo de 2007
LIBROS DE LA COLECCION ENJEUX
Bourdieu, Pierre: Intervenciones, 1961-1995: Ciencia social y acción política/ trad. del francés por Alicia B. Gutierrez.- Córdoba: Ferreyra, 2005 - 326 p. ; 14.5x21.5 cm. - Bibliogr. - ISBN 987-1110-37-5 .
Gutierrez, Alicia B. - Las prácticas sociales: una introducción a Pierre Bourdieu. - 4a. ed. - Córdoba: Ferreyra, 2005. - 126 p. ; 21.5x14.5 cm. - Notas bibliogr. Index. - ISBN 987-1110-20-0.
Título original
2. 4 - Clases sociales, familia, relaciones
Gutierrez, Alicia B.- Pobre´como siempre...: estrategias de reproducción social de la pobreza. Un estudio de caso . - Córdoba, Ferreyra, 2005. 456p.- Notas Bibliogr. Indice. ISBN. 987-1110-12-X
"Este libro es el resultado de diez años de investigación realizada en un barrio pobre de Córdoba, en el que la autora indaga sobre las condiciones concretas de vida y de estrategias que estas poblaciones despliegan..... Alicia Gutiérrez elige en primer lugar invertir y luego superar la cuestión de las "carencias" para interrogarse acerca de "lo que los pobres tienen"... Una hipótesis complementaria, referida a Pierre Bourdieu, conduce, a continuación, a analizar las diversas formas de capital -y especialmente de capital relacional o social- que pueden ser movilizadas para armar las estrategias de reproducción social, ya se trate de resistir a la pauperización y/o de intentar acceder a mejores posiciones" ( Jean-Claude Combessie)
Copias de estos títulos se hallan en las bibliotecas Luis Angel Arango y de las Universidades Nacional Sede Bogotá, Externado de Colombia, Pedagógica Nacional, de los Andes, del Valle,
Santo Tomas en Bogotá,
sábado, 24 de marzo de 2007
PIERRE BOURDIEU: INTRODUCCION ELEMENTAL
Ello remite a que Bourdieu es un científico muy complejo, un intelectual radical -hasta su muerte buscó con su investigación transformar las sociedades sobre las que tenía proyección- y además uno de los investigadores más transdisciplinarios. Bourdieu poseía una preparación filosófica muy fuerte, de manera que nunca estaba hablando solamente de lo que parecia hablar, estaba siempre atravesando sus estudios, incluso los mas específicos como su texto pionero sobre la sociología de la fotografía, de una reflexión filosófica sobre los modos ver.
Otra peculiaridad de Bourdieu es que en su investigaciones no se limitan a trabajar con sus propias fuentes sino, como en esa obra clave que es La distinción. Critique sociale du jugement, donde estudia cómo nos distinguimos socialmente, y como la distinción pasa por el gusto, y los usos sociales del gusto, se basa en múltiples tipos de estadisticas y datos recogidos por otros pues lo que hace el investigador no es tanto la estadística como su modo de leerla. Hay un capítulo extraordinario en el que Bourdieu estudia cómo los sectores populares, los sectores obreros, gustan de la carne grasosa mientras que a medida que subimos hacia las clases media y alta se come mas carne pero sin grasa, casi sin grasa. Y entonces el destapa las trampas de cierto marxismo que dice: es porque la carne grasosa es la barata por lo que los pobres, que no pueden commer otra, engordan, mientra que los que tienen plata para comprar carne sin grasa son mas flacos y apuestos. Analizando estadísticas del consummo de carne realizadas por la asociación del gremio en Francia, Bourdieu des-cubre que la razón de los consumos no es sólo económica sino también estética: en los sectores populares la gordura es expresión de salud y es signo de bienestar. De ahí entonces que la determinante económica no sea la única que hace que los pobres coman carne con mucha grasa, sino que el ser gordo es un modelo de cuerpo bien visto en los sectores populares, o sea hay modelos sociales de cuerpo que están marcados por la clase social,por sus gustos. En esas páginas de La distinción Bourdieu da una lección de finura analitica a todo el marxismo de catecismo que aplicaba su visión mecánicista de la causalidad económica al análisis de las condiciones sociales demostrando cómo las dimensiones, incluso aparentemente subjetivas, de lo simbólico están atravesando las costumbres, los modos de ser, las rutinas de la gente.
Este es un filón de investigación desgraciadamente casi desconocido en Colombia, un país donde se ha leído a Bourdieu bastante poco y donde, sobre todo, no se le ha usado intelectualmente para estudiar los campos del arte, de la ciencia o de la política. Por eso agradezco mucho a estos dos profesores de la Nacional, y del Externado que hayan hecho el esfuerzo y tenido la honestidad de explicitar que se trata de una una introducción elemental, para los que empiezan a estudiar ciencias sociales. Y que si este país se halla especialmente necesitado de pensar las dimensiones culturales de sus tragedias pues gran parte de sus violencias y de los conflictos que lo desgarran tienen que ver con castraciones de lo simbólico en la esceula y en la casa, en la calle y en el trabajo.
Y como lo que estoy pidiendo es que utilicemos Bourdieu para comprender este país, me voy a traver a poner un ejemplo de ello: la necesidad que tenemos del conpeto de habitus para cuestionar la idea de competencia que el Ministerio de Educación esta usando a troche y moche, y en nombre de la cual se proclama nada menos que una “revolución educativa”!. Como en este país vivimos aun bastante aislados entonces nos encontramos con que la noción de competencia no se ha recibido ningún debate, ni en revistas académicas, ni en periódicos, permitiendo así que el el Ministerio de Educación pretenda incluso enseñar competencia ciudadana por televisión. Aquí no leido nada que ponga a la competencia en el aprendizaje en relación con la competencia en el mercado, cuando la verdad es que es esa noción la que hace el oficio de matriz de innovación en la gestión neoliberal en gran parte de las empresas industriales y comerciales. Claro esa noción tiene un origen y un sentido muy distinto en la línguistica de N. Chomsky, en la antropología de G. Bateson o en la semiótica de E.Veron que la acuñaron como competencia lingüística, comunicativa e ideolígica. Pero hoy el éxiyo de la noción de competencia le viene de su relación matricial con la competitividad , esto es con los estandares de calidad y no con sus raíces científicas.
Por todo ello mi propuesta es que la forma de corregir radicalmente el sesgo competitivo que hoy lastra la categoria de competencia, es ponerla en relación transdiciplinar con el concepto de pacto habitus elaborado por Bourdieu, esto es con esas aptitudes que vamos interiorizando en la vida cotidiana, y que según Bourdieu se expresan en los modos de relación con el lenguaje, con el saber, con la autoridad, ect. Pues los modos de adquisición se perpetuan en los modos de relación con. Asi no es la misma relación con la lectura en una casa donde hay libros y en otra donde no los hay, o con la música en una casa donde hay piano y otra donde no lo hay pues lo que existe o falta es una mínima relación con el hacer, con el crear y no solo con el consumir.
Y junto con el concepto de habitus para contrarrestar las tendencias pragmáticas y behavioristas que arratra la idea de competencia, necesitamos tambien de otro concepto de Bourdieu, el de capital simbólico o capital cultural con el que nacemos marcados según el grupo social al que pertenecen nuestros padres, nuestra familia; capital cultural que va a estar condicionado fuertemente las historias personales de vida que es en las que se inserta el aprendizaje de compretencias.
Un Bourdieu muy jóven publicó un libro, hecho con Passeron, La reproducción, que fue la clave del debate de los años sesentas sobre la Educación. Y ese libro marcó la historia de los estudios de la educación, no sólo en Francia. Ojala que nuestra educación y nuestro mundo cultural se abran a los aporte de Bourdieu para que este país pueda comprender mejor la envergadura de los de conflictos y las lucha que vivimos, ayudándonos con su lucidez y radicalidad a transformar este país en un país mucho mas habitable para todos.
______________________________________ Bogotá, febrero del 2004
RED DE ESTUDIOS BOURDIANOS EN COLOMBIA
Pierre Bourdieu quien contribuye en los últimos decenios al cuestionamiento científico de las ciencias humanas es fundador de un paradigma sociológico cuya obra ofrece múltiples facetas. Sus análisis son objeto de una amplia difusión siendo varias de sus obras clásicas para varias generaciones, por ejemplo, Los Herederos, La Reproducción, La Distinción o su libro La Miseria del Mundo.
La obra de Bourdieu ocupa una posición importante en el campo de la sociología en un principio por la originalidad en las respuestas a los interrogantes de la sociología en la historia desde sus principios: ¿qué es la sociología?,¿cómo es la sociedad?, ¿cómo se reproduce?, ¿es posible que cambie?, ¿cuál es el lugar del individuo en ella?. Bourdieu, como Durkheim afirma la posibilidad de un conocimiento científico del mundo social que se define mas por el inicio de él que por la especificidad del objeto. Similar a Marx, estima que la sociedad esta constituida en clases sociales y en una lucha por apropiación de los diversos capitales, y que la relación de fuerzas y de sentidos contribuyen ya sea a la perpetuación del orden social o a sus cambios. Como Weber, considera importante tener en cuenta las representaciones que los individuos elaboran para darle sentido a la realidad social. Lo interesante consiste en el carácter renovador de las aproximaciones tienden a sobrepasar las tensiones tradicionales de la sociología, manifiesta en las polaridades, subjetivismo/objetivismo, simbólico/material, teórico/empírico, Holístico/Individual, fundando una aproximación que denominan estructuralismo genético o constructivismo.
P. Bourdieu también ejerce su influencia en las funciones que le asigna a la sociología. Pues retomando la tradición Marxista analiza la sociedad a través del concepto de dominación, manifiesto en las prácticas más simples de la cotidianidad, como en la escogencia de una bebida, la expresión del gusto por un vestido o en las estrategias que los agentes sociales ejecutan en los diferentes campos o situaciones desiguales. Es desde estos puntos de vista que le da a la sociología la posibilidad de objetivar estas relaciones de dominación, develando sus mecanismos y las prácticas con las cuales los dominados la legitiman. De esta manera Bourdieu adquiere un perfil político- intelectual creando constantes polémicas, como la que ha suscitado al apoyar huelgas, sus críticas frente a los medios de comunicación o su posición contra el neoliberalismo.
Para encontrar un mejor sentido a esta red conviene orientarnos a aplicar su noción de actuar colectivamente proyectando sus concepciones sociológicas, paralelamente con el estudio de sus conceptos vertebrales que explican las lógicas del funcionamiento de la sociedad y las prácticas de los agentes. En fin las hipótesis de Bourdieu, podrán ser validadas o no a través de los estudios de la cultura, de la escuela o de otros numerosos temas o campos que han bebido de sus fuentes.
Las anteriores posibilidades de ampliación de nuestras capacidades de explicar y transformar la realidad colombiana, pueden inspirarse en este autor, y esta contribución a ese proposito tiene tres objetivos principales:
- Actuar colectivamente en el diálogo y apropiación de los resultados de la investigación interdisciplinar.
- Propiciar el avance en la recepción de un pensamiento que requiere condiciones de capital cultural, discusión, adaptación y confrontamiento en la sensibilidad social.
- Aplicar el principio de hacer -investigación, vulgarización, diálogo social- para transformar.
Las actividades que cabría abarcar sin sentido excluyente podrían ser:
- Incrementar el espacio de la crítica
- Solidariamente contribuir a la aclaración de los conceptos y las categorías de análisis
- Desarrollar encuentros periódicos como encuentros, foros, coloquios, mesas, paneles.
- Propiciar colaboración para la investigación bibliográfica y la circulación de ideas.
Y las demas que puedan ser propuestas y acordadas, sin olvidar la cooperación e intercambio con redes y grupos constituidos con propósitos semejantes.